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Test Code LABYWNVC West Nile Virus Antibody, IgG and IgM, Spinal Fluid

Additional Codes

YWNVC

Useful For

Aiding in diagnosis of central nervous system infection with West Nile virus

Profile Information

Test ID Reporting Name Available Separately Always Performed
WNGC West Nile Virus Ab, IgG, CSF No Yes
WNMC West Nile Virus Ab, IgM, CSF No Yes
WNVCI West Nile CSF Interpretation No Yes

Method Name

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Reporting Name

West Nile Virus Ab, IgG and IgM,CSF

Specimen Type

CSF


Specimen Required


Supplies: Sarstedt Aliquot Tube, 5 mL (T914)

Collection Container/Tube: Sterile vial

Submission Container/Tube: Plastic vial

Specimen Volume: 1 mL


Specimen Minimum Volume

0.8 mL

Specimen Stability Information

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
CSF Refrigerated (preferred) 7 days
  Frozen  30 days

Reject Due To

Gross hemolysis Reject

Clinical Information

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus (single-stranded RNA) that primarily infects birds and can also infect humans and horses. WNV was first isolated in 1937 from an infected person in the West Nile district of Uganda. Until the viral infection was recognized in 1999 in birds in New York City, WNV was found only in the Eastern Hemisphere, with wide distribution in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.(1-3) In 2012, a total of 5674 cases of WNV were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, among which 2873 (51%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease (eg, meningitis or encephalitis) and 286 (5%) cases resulted in death.(2)

 

Most people who are infected with WNV will not develop clinical signs of illness. It is estimated that about 20% of those who become infected will develop West Nile fever with mild symptoms, including fever, headache, myalgia, and occasionally a skin rash on the trunk of the body. Case fatality rates among patients hospitalized during recent outbreaks have ranged from 4% to 14%. Advanced age is the most important risk factor for death, and patients older than 70 years of age are at particularly high risk.(1)

 

Laboratory diagnosis is best achieved by demonstration of specific IgG and IgM class antibodies in serum specimens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (WNCSF / West Nile Virus, RNA, PCR, Molecular Detection, Spinal Fluid) can detect WNV RNA in specimens from patients with recent WNV infection (ie, 3-5 days following infection) when specific antibodies to the virus are not yet present. However, the likelihood of detection is relatively low as the sensitivity of PCR detection is approximately 55% in cerebrospinal fluid and approximately 10% in blood from patients with known WNV infection.

Reference Values

IgG: Negative

IgM: Negative

 

Reference values apply to all ages.

Interpretation

Presence of specific IgM-class antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV)is consistent with the acute phase of WNV meningitis or encephalitis. In the very early stages of acute WNV infection, IgM may be detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before it becomes detectable in serum.

 

The absence of IgM antibodies to WNV may indicate absence of disease. However, specimens collected too early in the acute phase may be negative for IgM-class antibodies to WNV. If WNV central nervous system infection is suspected, a second specimen should be collected in 1 to 2 weeks and tested.

 

The presence of IgG-class antibodies to WNV may indicate recent or past central nervous system (CNS) infection with WNV. Clinical correlation is necessary.

 

This assay is unable to distinguish between intrathecal antibody synthesis and serum antibodies introduced into the CSF at the time of lumbar puncture or from a breakdown in the blood-brain barrier. Positive results should be interpreted with other laboratory and clinical data prior to a diagnosis of CNS infection.

Cautions

Test results should be used in conjunction with clinical evaluation, exposure history, and other available diagnostic procedures.

 

The significance of negative test results in immunosuppressed patients is uncertain.

 

False-negative results due to competition by high levels of IgG, while theoretically possible, have not been observed.

 

False-positive results may occur in patients infected with other flaviviruses, including dengue virus, St. Louis virus, and Zika virus and in persons previously infected with West Nile virus (WNV).

 

Because closely related arboviruses exhibit serologic cross-reactivity, it sometimes may be epidemiologically important to attempt to pinpoint the infecting virus by conducting plaque reduction neutralization tests using an appropriate battery of closely related viruses. Such testing is available through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and select public health laboratories.

 

WNV antibody results for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be interpreted with caution. Complicating factors include low antibody levels found in CSF, passive transfer of antibody from blood, and contamination via a traumatic lumbar puncture.

Method Description

IgG:

Polystyrene microwells are coated with recombinant West Nile virus (WNV) antigen. Diluted serum specimens and controls are incubated in the wells to allow specific antibody present in the specimens to react with the antigen. Nonspecific reactants are removed by washing, and peroxidase-conjugated antihuman IgG is added and reacts with specific IgG. Excess conjugate is removed by washing. Enzyme substrate and chromogen are added, and the color is allowed to develop. After adding the Stop reagent, the resultant color change is quantified by a spectrophotometric reading of optical density (OD). Specimen OD readings are compared with reference cutoff readings to determine results.(Package insert: West Nile Virus IgG DxSelect. Focus Diagnostics; 05/08/2018)

 

IgM:

Polystyrene microwells are coated with the antihuman antibody specific for IgM (mu-chain). Diluted serum specimens and controls are incubated in the wells. The IgM present in the specimen binds to the antihuman antibody (IgM specific) in the wells. Nonspecific reactants are removed by washing. WNV antigen is then added to the wells and incubated. If anti-WNV IgM is present in the specimen, the WNV antigen binds to the anti-WNV in the well. Unbound WNV antigen is then removed by washing the well. Mouse anti-flavivirus conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is then added to the wells and incubated. If WNV antigen has been retained in the well by the anti-flavivirus in the specimen, the mouse anti-flavivirus: HRP binds to WNV antigen in the wells. Excess conjugate is removed by washing. Enzyme substrate and chromogen are added, and the color is allowed to develop. After adding the Stop reagent, the resultant color change is quantified by a spectrophotometric reading of OD that is directly proportional to the amount of antigen-specific IgM present in the specimen. Specimen OD readings are compared with reference cutoff OD readings to determine results.(Package insert: West Nile Virus IgM Capture DxSelect. Focus Diagnostics; 05/08/2018)

Day(s) Performed

Monday, Wednesday, Friday

Report Available

Same day/1 to 4 days

Performing Laboratory

Mayo Clinic Laboratories in Rochester

CPT Code Information

86789

86788

LOINC Code Information

Test ID Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
WNC West Nile Virus Ab, IgG and IgM,CSF 94853-9

 

Result ID Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
WNGC West Nile Virus Ab, IgG, CSF 77953-8
WNMC West Nile Virus Ab, IgM, CSF 29569-1
WNVCI West Nile CSF Interpretation 69048-7

Test Classification

This test has been modified from the manufacturer's instructions. Its performance characteristics were determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Forms

If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send Infectious Disease Serology Test Request (T916) with the specimen.